It was not until the early 1990s that experts and government officials drew up the San Remo Manual, which clarifies the law of war at sea and brings it up to date, taking account of the developments that had occurred over the previous hundred years. However, it became clear during the various conflicts that subsequently occurred that the rules governing war at sea had become obsolete. Most of the international instruments governing the law of war at sea were adopted in the early twentieth century. Naval warfare nevertheless has certain singular features that necessitate a specific set of rules. The general principles of International Humanitarian Law ( IHL) applicable to conflicts on land (which have to do primarily with sparing non-combatants and civilian property) apply to this type of military operation. “Naval warfare” is the term used to denote “the tactics of military operations conducted on, under, or over the sea”. (For attacks from the sea on objectives on land, see supra, Conduct of Hostilities)
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